Astrophysics

Dust feedback effect on the migration of accreting low-mass planets in dusty and magnetised disks

Call: 26th Open Access Grant Competition; OPEN-26-29, multiyear

Researcher: Raul Chametla

Institution: Charles University in Prague

Field: Astrophysics

Planets are believed to be born and migrate within a disk of gas and dust which orbits a Sun-like star. Analytical and numerical models of ideal gas disks (without any extra perturbation in the gas density and without considering dust in the disk) predict a fast migration of Earth-like planets towards the central star in less time than the lifetime of the protoplanetary disk. If this really happened, the low-mass planets (including our own) should have to fall towards the central star hopelessly. However, this situation may be different when dust and density perturbations are included in the gas disk model.

The main objective of this study is to know the effect of dust on the migration of Earth-like planets embedded in gas and dust disks through three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution hydrodynamical (HD) and Magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) multifluid simulations. Our approach considering more sophisticated disk models, which may include density perturbations due to the magnetic field in the disk and gas-dust accretion from the planet, can produce new possible solutions to the rapid inward migration problem.

Stellar transits through accretion flow onto supermassive black holes               

Call: 25th Open Access Grant Competition; OPEN-25-47
Researcher: Petra Suková
Institution: Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Field: Astrophysics

In the vicinity of supermassive black holes, which are found at the centres of galaxies, there may be many smaller stellar-sized objects - stars themselves, neutron stars, and smaller black holes - in addition to gas and dust. As the compact object moves, it interacts with the accretion flow and disturbs it. Since the radiation we observe from active galactic nuclei comes from extremely heated gas, changes in its motion and distribution can lead to observable effects such as periodic changes in brightness or detectable very fast outflows.

Using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we study the interaction between the passing object and the accreting plasma to identify typical features of such systems and to be able to detect them from the data provided by X-ray satellites.

Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Magneto-Hydrodynamic Simulations in Solar Atmosphere

Call: 23^rd Open Access Grant Competition; OPEN-23-47
Researcher: Jan Kotek
Institution: the Czech Academy of Sciences
Field: Astrophysics

With the growing importance of electronics and satellites to humanity, the impact of solar activity on our society is increasing. Last winter, for example, SpaceX lost 40 satellites after one solar flare followed by a coronal mass ejection and a geomagnetic storm. As the sun does not fit in a lab, computer experiments are used for its research. By comparing simulation results with observations, our hypotheses can be tested.  In this project, own software is used to model processes in the solar atmosphere, including simulating the reconnection of the magnetic field that leads to a solar flare. In the figure, you can also see the sections of the 3D model of the solar atmosphere above the sunspot (magnetic field lines and magnetic to plasma pressure ratio) that are used to model wave propagation. 3D simulations are computationally intensive and would be virtually impossible to perform without supercomputers and efficient methods.

HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF PLANETS WITH PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AND THE ORIGIN OF CLOSE-IN EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS

Call: 21^st Open Access Grant Competition
Researcher: Dr Ondřej Chrenko

Institution: Astronomical Institute of Charles University
Field: Astrophysics

Figure: Temperature of the gas at the inner rim of the protoplanetary disk (in section to the orbital plane of the disk; the whole disk can be visualized by "spinning" the image around the vertical axis).

Astronomical observations in recent years have allowed the detection of thousands of planets outside our solar system, so-called exoplanets, whose origin is shrouded in many questions. A large group of exoplanets are close-in low-mass planets (i.e. orbiting close to their host star), which typically have masses up to several Earth masses (called super-Earths or mini-Neptunes).

In this project, we will perform computational hydrodynamical simulations of the early evolution of such planets embedded in an embryonic gas-dust disk. We will study the process of planet migration, where the gravity of the structures formed in the protoplanetary disk changes the orbits of the planets.

The aim of the project is to understand under what conditions super-Earths and mini-Neptunes can migrate to the inner disk rim. To properly model the environment in which planets evolve, we need to realistically describe the physical conditions at the inner rim of the gaseous disk (see figure). The distribution of gas at the inner rim of the disk depends on the interplay of many processes, such as heating by host star radiation, magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, energy transfer by radiative diffusion, dust grain evaporation, and the associated (in)transparency of the environment.

EXPANSION OF SUPERNOVA DRIVEN SHELLS NEAR THE GALACTIC CENTER

Call: 20^th Open Access Grant Competition
Researcher: Barnabas Barna

Institution: Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Field: Astrophysics

Supernova explosions are some of the most energetic events in the universe. These cataclysmic stellar deaths release chemically enriched material that expands at a high velocity into the surrounding space. The resulting bubble then sweeps around the surrounding interstellar mass, forming an envelope with a mass of several hundred suns. In doing so, it plays an important role in the generation of stars, with expanding bubbles triggering the formation of other stellar generations. Interstellar material can be transported into close proximity to the central supermassive black hole by expanding shells, thus increasing its activity. Whether this scenario is responsible for the manifestation of the supermassive black hole in the Milky Way, however, cannot be confirmed, largely due to the low activity of this nearest supermassive black hole. Simulating the development of shells and the influence of initial and marginal conditions requires numerical methods. Barnabas Barna and his collaborators plan to use the awarded core hours for hydrodynamic simulations with FLASH code in 3D. The objective is to explore the interaction of an interstellar environment with an expanding shell. The results will be matched with current observations: e.g., the current distribution of supernova remnants will be compared to powerful X-ray flashes from the past.

PLANET FORMATION AFTER PEBBLE ISOLATION

Call: 18^th Open Access Grant Competition
Researcher: Dr Ondřej Chrenko

Institution: Astronomical Institute of Charles University in Prague
Field: Astrophysics

Ondřej Chrenko was awarded more than 600,000 core hours for his project focused on planet formation processes. Modern scenarios of planet formation suggest that planets form by accretion of cm to m-sized solid particles, the dynamics of which is subject to the aerodynamic drag in the surrounding protoplanetary disk. The drag not only causes a radial drift of pebbles through the disk but also enhances the efficiency of the gravitational capture of pebbles by a planetary embryo. However, once the mass of a growing protoplanet exceeds a certain threshold, a pressure bump is formed in the gas outside the planetary orbit where pebbles start to accrete, and the protoplanet growth ceases. The objective of this project is to investigate the evolution of pebbles, which gradually accumulate in the pressure bump. Ondřej Chrenko will use the IT4Innovations supercomputers for 2D and 3D simulations of a two-fluid flow (solid-togas) system in order to verify if hydrodynamic instabilities occur in the pressure bump. These instabilities might cause pebbles to become concentrated into clumps, which might undergo a gravitational collapse, thus forming a new planetary embryo. Using local, high-resolution simulations, the project team will study whether hydrodynamic instabilities, such as those in the figure on the right (Comment: the figure on the right is borrowed from a paper by Benítez-Llambay et al. 2019), may occur in the pressure bump.

IMPACT OF MASSIVE STARS ON THE COMPOSITION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

Call: 18^th Open Access Grant Competition
Researcher: Dr Michail Kourniotis

Institution: Astronomical Institute of the CAS
Field: Astrophysics

Michalis Kourniotis from the Astronomical Institute of the CAS was awarded 718,000 core hours to study the impact of massive stars on the composition of globular clusters. With a diameter of tens of light years, globular clusters are spheroidal dense collections of hundreds of thousands to millions of very old stars. They can typically be found in the spheroidal halo of the Milky Way and other galaxies. Originally thought to comprise of stars of the same age, it is now well established that globular clusters host multiple generations of stars with different ages and chemical compositions. Numerical methods for simulating the non-stationary wind of massive clusters are valuable for acquiring knowledge about gas dynamics inside a small globular cluster and thermal instabilities that potentially lead to newborn stars, in particular. The latest stellar evolutionary models provide essential input parameters to determine the mass and energy accumulated in globular clusters by massive stars in the form of extremely fast stellar winds and supernovae outbursts. Michail Kourniotis with his colleagues Richard Wünsch and Barnabás Barna will use the supercomputer to perform high-resolution 3D simulations to obtain information about formation of several stellar generations in spheroidal globular clusters. In addition, the objective of this project is also to study the impacts of extreme stellar types on the wind evolution in globular clusters and its spatial distribution.

FORMATION OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS

Call: 13^th Open Access Grant Competition
Researcher: Dr Ondřej Chrenko

Institution: Charles University
Field: Astrophysics

Can life be created on planets discovered outside our solar system (on exoplanets)? One of the key steps to find the answer to this question is understanding how exoplanets and their systems are formed. Possible scenarios for planetary system formation will be researched by Dr Ondřej Chrenko from Charles University in Prague. In this research project, he collaborates with other Czech astronomers Doc. Miroslav Brož and Dr David Nesvorný (working in the USA) as well as with Lund Observatory in Sweden. Using computer simulations generated by the IT4Innovations supercomputers, this project aims at researching formation of planetary embryos and their dynamic development in protoplanetary disks of dense gas and dust rotating around young newly formed stars.